Key Environmental Factors:

1. Exposure to Toxins:
   • Pesticides and Herbicides: Contain endocrine-男性不妊 chemicals (EDCs) that interfere with testosterone production and sperm development.
   • Industrial Chemicals: Phthalates, bisphenol A (BPA), and heavy metals like lead and mercury are linked to reduced sperm count and quality.
2. Heat Exposure:
   • Frequent use of saunas, hot tubs, or prolonged sitting (e.g., driving) raises scrotal temperature, impairing sperm production.
3. Radiation:
   • Occupational or medical exposure to ionizing radiation damages sperm DNA and can lead to infertility.
4. Pollution:
   • Airborne pollutants, especially particulate matter and hydrocarbons, are associated with lower sperm counts and motility.
5. Endocrine Disruptors in Plastics:
   • BPA and phthalates found in plastics and personal care products mimic hormones, disrupting the HPG axis and sperm production.

Protective Measures:

1. Minimize exposure to harmful chemicals by using protective equipment and choosing safer alternatives.
2. Maintain a healthy environment by avoiding prolonged heat exposure and reducing air pollution exposure.